Research Proposal about Instant Message Replace E-Mail in the Future

Questions: Can Instant Message Replace E-Mail in The Future? Can Instant Message be a Primary Source of Internal Communication? How this Instant Message System will Work? What Cost would be? Answers: 1. Introduction Advancement of information and communication technology significantly contributed in enhancing the pace as well as efficiency of the communication procedure. E-mail has been considered to be a revolutionary innovation that enabled individual in sending messages via electronic medium anywhere in the world. Instant messaging is a type of online chat that helps in offsetting the real time text transmission with the aid of internet. Instant messaging facilitates transmission of short messages in both the directions (Flynn, 2004). Lately, instant messaging also provides the opportunity to share text files, audio files, videos etc. In todays dynamic business environment, instant messaging platforms are widely utilized in order to support effective communication (Stafford, 2008). E-mail, instant messaging and other new communication tools have been replacing the traditional mode of communication (Junco and Cotten, 2011). Now the major question that arises in this context is, whether the use of instant messaging will collapse the e-mail? This research study will focus on the analyzing the future of instant messaging and its cost. 2. Research Objectives Research objectives will focus on describing the major goals of the research study. The research objectives of this paper are discussed below: To scrutinize the efficiency of the instant messaging and its effectiveness among users. To assess the potential of instant message to replace mail To assess the role of instant messaging in context of internal communication. To estimate the cost associated with the adoption of instant messaging 3. Research Questions Research questions are focusing on identification of the major areas of research. Answering theses questions will facilitate achievement of research objectives (Ketchen and Bergh, 2004): What is the role of instant messaging for enhancing the internal communication? Whether instant messaging has the potential to replace e-mail? What is the cost associated for utilizing instant messaging? 4. Literature Review Emergence of Instant Messaging: Effective communication is an essential aspect of business. In the electronic age, the mode of communication has been evolving with the aim to enhance its effectives. Presently, human being has been found to be extensive reliant upon technology (Flynn, 2004). Hence, it has been found that since the last decade web technologies are the determinant factor for various human activities. E-mail has received significant popularity due to its convenience as well as effectiveness. Emergence of e-mal rapidly replaced the traditional mode of communication in the business sector along with personal life. Instant messaging was emerged in 1996 which allowed its client to facilitate an interactive real communication in real time. In order to use instant messaging, both the people must have the same instant messaging software (Junco and Cotten, 2011). This type of communication is referred as chat. Instant messaging has been found to be major help for the internet users for sending messages, images and videos. Presently, different instant messaging software is offering video calls and chats. The new communication tool has received significant popularity over the years. Apart from social interaction, instant messaging has been widely used in business communication which contributed in facilitating real time conversation from anywhere, anytime. Benefits of Instant Messaging in Workplace: Instant messaging has been integrating in the communication system of workplace due to its effectiveness. It is evident that various business organizations have identified the importance of integrating instant messaging into the business procedure along with appropriate policy (Pascal, 2003). Business firms have recognized that the instant messaging significantly helps in ensuring high return on investment if the right technology and policy is implemented. The success of the management of a business has a strong positive correlation with effective communication. Presently, instant messaging software platforms are widely utilized by various business organizations (Ou et al., 2010). As the business focuses on embracing instant messaging in the workplace, the traditional form of communication has been almost obsolete. Instant messaging is real time and also can be recorded. It can help in conduction a small conference at the own desk of the employees from different locations (Uskov and Uskov, 2004). This section will focus on identification of various advantages of instant messaging: Group chat: Instant messaging helps in initiating a formal or informal group chat. In an organization, group chat is important for enhancing cohesiveness and knowledge transmission (Krause, 2008). Interaction between team members from off-site locations: Instant messaging uses web technology for transmission of message in real time. Presently, the wave of globalization has facilitated the global business integration. It has been found that the team members are often located in a distant place. Hence, interaction between the team members becomes easier with the aid of instant messaging (Ou et al., 2010). Enhances Effectiveness and Saves Time: Instant messaging helps in providing a real time conversation. It significantly contributes in enhancing the effectiveness of communication. It is also evident that it saves time which adds positive value to the business (Pascal, 2003). Convenient and Cost Saving: Instant messaging service only requires internet connection which is available in every workplace. Hence, it can be stated that the instant messaging offers high level of convenience. Additionally, it helps in saving cost of communication (Stafford, 2008). These are the major benefits of instant messaging recognized by the business organizations (Quan-Haase, 2008). Security Issues Related to Instant Messaging: Though instant messaging has huge potential for enhancing the effectiveness of communication, it has few risks. These risks are majorly responsible for development of threats and thus it leads to creation of potential security risk (Cooper and Johnson, 2014). First of all, instant messaging uses public network and it utilizes the server of the instant messaging provider. These servers are not secured by firewall. On the other hand instant messaging in the private network can be secured by firewall (Leavitt, 2005). Additionally, it has been found that the sensitive information which is exchanged through instant messaging is frequently stored in the unsecured network. As the public network is protected with firewall, anyone can access the private conversation in IM (Paulson, 2002). In case of e-mails filters are used and the corporate network of various organizations installs antivirus software which protects the users form virus. The attachments sent via instant messaging cannot be checked for viruses. Hence, there is significant vulnerability associated with the instant messaging system. Lack of encryption on the public instant messaging network implies that the confidential messages send via instant messaging can be accessed by other people (Stone and Merrion, 2004). Additionally, communication via instant messaging system cannot be monitored for maintain the corporate security (Quan-Haase, 2008). 5. Research Methodology Research methodology refers to the pathway which is followed for underrating the research activities. The research methodology assists in depiction of the overall concept of the important elements associated with the research study (Jha, 2008). Basically, the research methodology helps in providing a comprehensive approach which ultimately develops a blueprint of the mechanism and steps for carrying out the research study in an efficient manner. Adoption of the most suitable approach will help in successful achievement of the research objectives. In order to assess the potential of instant messaging in replacing e-mail and its cost along with its role in the internal communication system, it is essential to adopt a suitable methodology that helps in answering the research questions (Ketchen and Bergh, 2004). 5.1. Research Philosophy: Post Positivism Research philosophy is the considered to be first layer of the conceptual replica, i.e. research onion. Hence, it can be stated that the other steps of the research study is significantly reliant upon the research philosophy. There are various research philosophy and theories which are adopted by academic researchers. Post positivism is one of the most important theories which reject the idea of positivism (Jha, 2008). Post positivism theory focuses on integration of the wide variety of theories with the observation (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie and Turner, 2007). In this paper, the study will focus on the potential of instant messaging in replacing the e-mail in future and its cost along with its role in the internal communication. Hence, post positivism theory will appropriate in this case. 5.2. Research Approach: Deductive Research approach is the next layer of the research philosophy. There are various research approaches considered by the researchers such as inductive and deductive approach. The researcher needs to choose the best approach in order to ensure successful achievement of the research objectives. It has been found that, in case of inductive approach, the researcher needs to collect all the relevant data and therefore, needs to assess the observations and findings of the research which can be also analyzed so that new theoretical framework can be developed along with recommendations (Ketchen and Bergh, 2004). Again, deductive approach emphasizes on analysis of the established theories and studies. In this approach, hypothesis is set and therefore tested to indentify whether the hypothesis is possible or not. In this paper, deductive approach will be appropriate for this study. Hence, hypothesis will be set for identifying whether instant messaging has the capacity to replace e-mail. 5.3. Research Design: Descriptive Research design is considered to be an important aspect of research methodology. It has been found that the research design significantly assists the researchers through establishment of the framework which helps in carrying out the study (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie and Turner, 2007). The research design focuses on correlating the direction of the study with the predefined research objectives. It is important to choose the most appropriate research design in order to ensure the achievement of the research objectives which is revolving around analysis of the future position of instant messaging. There are three common research approaches adopted by the researchers such as exploratory, explanatory and descriptive. For undertaking this study, it has been identified that descriptive research design will be appropriate. It will assist the researcher in maintaining the superiority of the study. Descriptive approach will focus on discussing the findings in relations to the potential of the instan t messaging in future. 5.4. Data Collection Process In order to carry out a research study successfully, relevant data must be collected from authentic sources. The data analysis and conclusion is extensively dependent upon the collected data. Hence, the researcher needs to be careful in selection of roper resources for collection. In this research study, both primary and secondary data will be collected. In this section, data collection procedure for both types of data will be discussed (Lodico, Spaulding and Voegtle, 2006). 5.4.1. Primary data collection In order to draw primary data survey and interview can be conducted. First of all, few organizations can be chosen and the users of the instant messaging can be asked to participate in the survey. For undertaking the survey a close ended questionnaire will be developed. It will significantly help to get an insight regarding the importance and potential of instant messaging in internal communication. Additionally, the senior managers of the respective organizations can be interviewed in order to understand their perspective regarding the instant messaging. The questions for the senior managers will be open ended. 5.4.2. Secondary data collection Secondary data refers to the information which has is available form the past studies, established theories etc. Hence, for collecting secondary data, the researcher can use books, peer reviewed journal articles, magazine articles, trusted websites and research papers or conference proceedings (Mayoh and Onwuegbuzie, 2013). 5.5. Sampling Techniques Sampling technique refers to the selection of the respondents for collecting data. In this paper, simple random sampling technique will be appropriate for this study (Lodico, Spaulding and Voegtle, 2006). Hence, there will no bias in selecting the senior managers for interview and employees of the organization for participating in the survey. 5.6. Sample Size Sample size refers to the number of respondents chosen for the study. It has been observed that simple random sampling technique has been adopted for this study. Hence, it is better to choose large number of maple for minimizing error. Hence, 65 employees using instant messaging will be surveyed (Gorard and Taylor, 2004). Additionally, 10 senior managers will be interviewed for collecting relevant data. 5.7. Data Analysis Data analysis refers to the activities which will focus on the scrutinizing the data and the help the researcher in reaching firm conclusion. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques will be used for analyzing the gathered data (Kothari, 2004). The information obtained from the interview will be analyzed by qualitative technique as the questions are open-ended. On the other hand, results obtained from the survey can be analyzed with quantities techniques such as estimation of mean, median, standard deviation and correlation co-efficient. Thus, the hypothesis will be tested to reach the final conclusion (Mayoh and Onwuegbuzie, 2013). 5.8. Ethical Consideration The information collected from primary research will be only used for academic purpose. The personal information of the respondent will not be disclosed and privacy will be maintained all through the research study. Additionally, the secondary data used in the study must be referenced properly (Moutinho and Huarng, 2008). 5.9. Limitations of the Research The major two limitations of the study is time and budget. The time is a major constraint which restricted various activities of the study. Additionally, budget was low and it did not support all the activities which could have enhanced the study (Kothari, 2004). 5.10. Gantt chart Gantt chart is considered to be a significant tool in order to anticipate the time taken for conduction each activity mentioned in the research methodology (Gorard and Taylor, 2004). One of the principal activities of research work is to plan and organize all the activities in an efficient manner. Gantt chart will significantly help in getting an insight to the time taken for each activity and the total time for completion of each action (Coleman and Briggs, 2002). (Source: Created by the Author) 6. Expected Research Outcomes This research proposal will focus on understanding the role of instant messaging in internal communication. It is expected that the findings of the research study will demonstrate appositive impact of instant messaging. However, this study may help in identification of the vulnerabilities of the instant messaging and compare the effectiveness and potential of e-mail and instant messaging. 7. Conclusion This research proposal will be help in providing an insight to the instant messaging and its effectiveness in present world. It has been found that this research proposal will clearly identify the potential of instant messaging and its benefits. This paper will clearly discuss the role of instant messaging in internal communication. Primary research will help in gaining insight regarding the major advantages of instant messaging in the business context along with its vulnerabilities. References Coleman, M. and Briggs, A. (2002).Research methods in educational leadership and management. London: P. Chapman Pub. Cooper, R. and Johnson, N. (2014). So close yet no agreement: The effects of threats to self-esteem when using instant messaging and audio during sellerbuyer negotiations.Decision Support Systems, 57, pp.115-126. Flynn, N. (2004).Instant messaging rules. New York: American Management Association. Gorard, S. and Taylor, C. (2004).Combining methods in educational and social research. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Jha, N. (2008).Research methodology. Chandigarh: Abhishek Publications. Johnson, R., Onwuegbuzie, A. and Turner, L. (2007). Toward a Definition of Mixed Methods Research.Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), pp.112-133. Junco, R. and Cotten, S. (2011). Perceived academic effects of instant messaging use.Computers Education, 56(2), pp.370-378. Ketchen, D. and Bergh, D. (2004).Research methodology in strategy and management. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Kothari, C. (2004).Research methodology. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd. Krause, T. (2008). Facilitating Teamwork With Lean Six Sigma and Web-Based Technology.Business Communication Quarterly, 72(1), pp.84-90. Leavitt, N. (2005). Instant messaging: a new target for hackers.Computer, 38(7), pp.20-23. Lodico, M., Spaulding, D. and Voegtle, K. (2006).Methods in educational research. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Mayoh, J. and Onwuegbuzie, A. (2013). Toward a Conceptualization of Mixed Methods Phenomenological Research.Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 9(1), pp.91-107. Moutinho, L. and Huarng, K. (2008).Advances in doctoral research in management. Singapore: World Scientific Pub. Co. Ou, C., Davison, R., Zhong, X. and Liang, Y. (2010). Empowering employees through instant messaging.Information Technology People, 23(2), pp.193-211. Pascal, C. (2003). Enabling chance interaction through instant messaging.IEEE Trans. Profess. Commun., 46(2), pp.138-141. Paulson, L. (2002). Malicious code hits instant messaging.Computer, 35(2), pp.26-26. Quan-Haase, A. (2008). Instant Messaging on Campus: Use and Integration in University Students' Everyday Communication.The Information Society, 24(2), pp.105-115. Stafford, T. (2008). Introduction to the Special Issue on Instant Messaging in the Workplace.IEEE Trans. Profess. Commun., 51(4), pp.350-351. Stephens, K. (2008). Optimizing Costs in Workplace Instant Messaging Use.IEEE Trans. Profess. Commun., 51(4), pp.369-380. Stone, J. and Merrion, S. (2004). Instant Messaging or Instant Headache?.Queue, 2(2), p.72. Uskov, V. and Uskov, A. (2004). Blending Streaming Multimedia and Communication Technology in Advanced Web-based Education. 1(1).

Research Proposal about Instant Message Replace E-Mail in the Future

Questions: Can Instant Message Replace E-Mail in The Future? Can Instant Message be a Primary Source of Internal Communication? How this Instant Message System will Work? What Cost would be? Answers: 1. Introduction Advancement of information and communication technology significantly contributed in enhancing the pace as well as efficiency of the communication procedure. E-mail has been considered to be a revolutionary innovation that enabled individual in sending messages via electronic medium anywhere in the world. Instant messaging is a type of online chat that helps in offsetting the real time text transmission with the aid of internet. Instant messaging facilitates transmission of short messages in both the directions (Flynn, 2004). Lately, instant messaging also provides the opportunity to share text files, audio files, videos etc. In todays dynamic business environment, instant messaging platforms are widely utilized in order to support effective communication (Stafford, 2008). E-mail, instant messaging and other new communication tools have been replacing the traditional mode of communication (Junco and Cotten, 2011). Now the major question that arises in this context is, whether the use of instant messaging will collapse the e-mail? This research study will focus on the analyzing the future of instant messaging and its cost. 2. Research Objectives Research objectives will focus on describing the major goals of the research study. The research objectives of this paper are discussed below: To scrutinize the efficiency of the instant messaging and its effectiveness among users. To assess the potential of instant message to replace mail To assess the role of instant messaging in context of internal communication. To estimate the cost associated with the adoption of instant messaging 3. Research Questions Research questions are focusing on identification of the major areas of research. Answering theses questions will facilitate achievement of research objectives (Ketchen and Bergh, 2004): What is the role of instant messaging for enhancing the internal communication? Whether instant messaging has the potential to replace e-mail? What is the cost associated for utilizing instant messaging? 4. Literature Review Emergence of Instant Messaging: Effective communication is an essential aspect of business. In the electronic age, the mode of communication has been evolving with the aim to enhance its effectives. Presently, human being has been found to be extensive reliant upon technology (Flynn, 2004). Hence, it has been found that since the last decade web technologies are the determinant factor for various human activities. E-mail has received significant popularity due to its convenience as well as effectiveness. Emergence of e-mal rapidly replaced the traditional mode of communication in the business sector along with personal life. Instant messaging was emerged in 1996 which allowed its client to facilitate an interactive real communication in real time. In order to use instant messaging, both the people must have the same instant messaging software (Junco and Cotten, 2011). This type of communication is referred as chat. Instant messaging has been found to be major help for the internet users for sending messages, images and videos. Presently, different instant messaging software is offering video calls and chats. The new communication tool has received significant popularity over the years. Apart from social interaction, instant messaging has been widely used in business communication which contributed in facilitating real time conversation from anywhere, anytime. Benefits of Instant Messaging in Workplace: Instant messaging has been integrating in the communication system of workplace due to its effectiveness. It is evident that various business organizations have identified the importance of integrating instant messaging into the business procedure along with appropriate policy (Pascal, 2003). Business firms have recognized that the instant messaging significantly helps in ensuring high return on investment if the right technology and policy is implemented. The success of the management of a business has a strong positive correlation with effective communication. Presently, instant messaging software platforms are widely utilized by various business organizations (Ou et al., 2010). As the business focuses on embracing instant messaging in the workplace, the traditional form of communication has been almost obsolete. Instant messaging is real time and also can be recorded. It can help in conduction a small conference at the own desk of the employees from different locations (Uskov and Uskov, 2004). This section will focus on identification of various advantages of instant messaging: Group chat: Instant messaging helps in initiating a formal or informal group chat. In an organization, group chat is important for enhancing cohesiveness and knowledge transmission (Krause, 2008). Interaction between team members from off-site locations: Instant messaging uses web technology for transmission of message in real time. Presently, the wave of globalization has facilitated the global business integration. It has been found that the team members are often located in a distant place. Hence, interaction between the team members becomes easier with the aid of instant messaging (Ou et al., 2010). Enhances Effectiveness and Saves Time: Instant messaging helps in providing a real time conversation. It significantly contributes in enhancing the effectiveness of communication. It is also evident that it saves time which adds positive value to the business (Pascal, 2003). Convenient and Cost Saving: Instant messaging service only requires internet connection which is available in every workplace. Hence, it can be stated that the instant messaging offers high level of convenience. Additionally, it helps in saving cost of communication (Stafford, 2008). These are the major benefits of instant messaging recognized by the business organizations (Quan-Haase, 2008). Security Issues Related to Instant Messaging: Though instant messaging has huge potential for enhancing the effectiveness of communication, it has few risks. These risks are majorly responsible for development of threats and thus it leads to creation of potential security risk (Cooper and Johnson, 2014). First of all, instant messaging uses public network and it utilizes the server of the instant messaging provider. These servers are not secured by firewall. On the other hand instant messaging in the private network can be secured by firewall (Leavitt, 2005). Additionally, it has been found that the sensitive information which is exchanged through instant messaging is frequently stored in the unsecured network. As the public network is protected with firewall, anyone can access the private conversation in IM (Paulson, 2002). In case of e-mails filters are used and the corporate network of various organizations installs antivirus software which protects the users form virus. The attachments sent via instant messaging cannot be checked for viruses. Hence, there is significant vulnerability associated with the instant messaging system. Lack of encryption on the public instant messaging network implies that the confidential messages send via instant messaging can be accessed by other people (Stone and Merrion, 2004). Additionally, communication via instant messaging system cannot be monitored for maintain the corporate security (Quan-Haase, 2008). 5. Research Methodology Research methodology refers to the pathway which is followed for underrating the research activities. The research methodology assists in depiction of the overall concept of the important elements associated with the research study (Jha, 2008). Basically, the research methodology helps in providing a comprehensive approach which ultimately develops a blueprint of the mechanism and steps for carrying out the research study in an efficient manner. Adoption of the most suitable approach will help in successful achievement of the research objectives. In order to assess the potential of instant messaging in replacing e-mail and its cost along with its role in the internal communication system, it is essential to adopt a suitable methodology that helps in answering the research questions (Ketchen and Bergh, 2004). 5.1. Research Philosophy: Post Positivism Research philosophy is the considered to be first layer of the conceptual replica, i.e. research onion. Hence, it can be stated that the other steps of the research study is significantly reliant upon the research philosophy. There are various research philosophy and theories which are adopted by academic researchers. Post positivism is one of the most important theories which reject the idea of positivism (Jha, 2008). Post positivism theory focuses on integration of the wide variety of theories with the observation (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie and Turner, 2007). In this paper, the study will focus on the potential of instant messaging in replacing the e-mail in future and its cost along with its role in the internal communication. Hence, post positivism theory will appropriate in this case. 5.2. Research Approach: Deductive Research approach is the next layer of the research philosophy. There are various research approaches considered by the researchers such as inductive and deductive approach. The researcher needs to choose the best approach in order to ensure successful achievement of the research objectives. It has been found that, in case of inductive approach, the researcher needs to collect all the relevant data and therefore, needs to assess the observations and findings of the research which can be also analyzed so that new theoretical framework can be developed along with recommendations (Ketchen and Bergh, 2004). Again, deductive approach emphasizes on analysis of the established theories and studies. In this approach, hypothesis is set and therefore tested to indentify whether the hypothesis is possible or not. In this paper, deductive approach will be appropriate for this study. Hence, hypothesis will be set for identifying whether instant messaging has the capacity to replace e-mail. 5.3. Research Design: Descriptive Research design is considered to be an important aspect of research methodology. It has been found that the research design significantly assists the researchers through establishment of the framework which helps in carrying out the study (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie and Turner, 2007). The research design focuses on correlating the direction of the study with the predefined research objectives. It is important to choose the most appropriate research design in order to ensure the achievement of the research objectives which is revolving around analysis of the future position of instant messaging. There are three common research approaches adopted by the researchers such as exploratory, explanatory and descriptive. For undertaking this study, it has been identified that descriptive research design will be appropriate. It will assist the researcher in maintaining the superiority of the study. Descriptive approach will focus on discussing the findings in relations to the potential of the instan t messaging in future. 5.4. Data Collection Process In order to carry out a research study successfully, relevant data must be collected from authentic sources. The data analysis and conclusion is extensively dependent upon the collected data. Hence, the researcher needs to be careful in selection of roper resources for collection. In this research study, both primary and secondary data will be collected. In this section, data collection procedure for both types of data will be discussed (Lodico, Spaulding and Voegtle, 2006). 5.4.1. Primary data collection In order to draw primary data survey and interview can be conducted. First of all, few organizations can be chosen and the users of the instant messaging can be asked to participate in the survey. For undertaking the survey a close ended questionnaire will be developed. It will significantly help to get an insight regarding the importance and potential of instant messaging in internal communication. Additionally, the senior managers of the respective organizations can be interviewed in order to understand their perspective regarding the instant messaging. The questions for the senior managers will be open ended. 5.4.2. Secondary data collection Secondary data refers to the information which has is available form the past studies, established theories etc. Hence, for collecting secondary data, the researcher can use books, peer reviewed journal articles, magazine articles, trusted websites and research papers or conference proceedings (Mayoh and Onwuegbuzie, 2013). 5.5. Sampling Techniques Sampling technique refers to the selection of the respondents for collecting data. In this paper, simple random sampling technique will be appropriate for this study (Lodico, Spaulding and Voegtle, 2006). Hence, there will no bias in selecting the senior managers for interview and employees of the organization for participating in the survey. 5.6. Sample Size Sample size refers to the number of respondents chosen for the study. It has been observed that simple random sampling technique has been adopted for this study. Hence, it is better to choose large number of maple for minimizing error. Hence, 65 employees using instant messaging will be surveyed (Gorard and Taylor, 2004). Additionally, 10 senior managers will be interviewed for collecting relevant data. 5.7. Data Analysis Data analysis refers to the activities which will focus on the scrutinizing the data and the help the researcher in reaching firm conclusion. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques will be used for analyzing the gathered data (Kothari, 2004). The information obtained from the interview will be analyzed by qualitative technique as the questions are open-ended. On the other hand, results obtained from the survey can be analyzed with quantities techniques such as estimation of mean, median, standard deviation and correlation co-efficient. Thus, the hypothesis will be tested to reach the final conclusion (Mayoh and Onwuegbuzie, 2013). 5.8. Ethical Consideration The information collected from primary research will be only used for academic purpose. The personal information of the respondent will not be disclosed and privacy will be maintained all through the research study. Additionally, the secondary data used in the study must be referenced properly (Moutinho and Huarng, 2008). 5.9. Limitations of the Research The major two limitations of the study is time and budget. The time is a major constraint which restricted various activities of the study. Additionally, budget was low and it did not support all the activities which could have enhanced the study (Kothari, 2004). 5.10. Gantt chart Gantt chart is considered to be a significant tool in order to anticipate the time taken for conduction each activity mentioned in the research methodology (Gorard and Taylor, 2004). One of the principal activities of research work is to plan and organize all the activities in an efficient manner. Gantt chart will significantly help in getting an insight to the time taken for each activity and the total time for completion of each action (Coleman and Briggs, 2002). (Source: Created by the Author) 6. Expected Research Outcomes This research proposal will focus on understanding the role of instant messaging in internal communication. It is expected that the findings of the research study will demonstrate appositive impact of instant messaging. However, this study may help in identification of the vulnerabilities of the instant messaging and compare the effectiveness and potential of e-mail and instant messaging. 7. Conclusion This research proposal will be help in providing an insight to the instant messaging and its effectiveness in present world. It has been found that this research proposal will clearly identify the potential of instant messaging and its benefits. This paper will clearly discuss the role of instant messaging in internal communication. Primary research will help in gaining insight regarding the major advantages of instant messaging in the business context along with its vulnerabilities. References Coleman, M. and Briggs, A. (2002).Research methods in educational leadership and management. London: P. Chapman Pub. Cooper, R. and Johnson, N. (2014). So close yet no agreement: The effects of threats to self-esteem when using instant messaging and audio during sellerbuyer negotiations.Decision Support Systems, 57, pp.115-126. Flynn, N. (2004).Instant messaging rules. New York: American Management Association. Gorard, S. and Taylor, C. (2004).Combining methods in educational and social research. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Jha, N. (2008).Research methodology. Chandigarh: Abhishek Publications. Johnson, R., Onwuegbuzie, A. and Turner, L. (2007). Toward a Definition of Mixed Methods Research.Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), pp.112-133. Junco, R. and Cotten, S. (2011). Perceived academic effects of instant messaging use.Computers Education, 56(2), pp.370-378. Ketchen, D. and Bergh, D. (2004).Research methodology in strategy and management. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Kothari, C. (2004).Research methodology. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd. Krause, T. (2008). Facilitating Teamwork With Lean Six Sigma and Web-Based Technology.Business Communication Quarterly, 72(1), pp.84-90. Leavitt, N. (2005). Instant messaging: a new target for hackers.Computer, 38(7), pp.20-23. Lodico, M., Spaulding, D. and Voegtle, K. (2006).Methods in educational research. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Mayoh, J. and Onwuegbuzie, A. (2013). Toward a Conceptualization of Mixed Methods Phenomenological Research.Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 9(1), pp.91-107. Moutinho, L. and Huarng, K. (2008).Advances in doctoral research in management. Singapore: World Scientific Pub. Co. Ou, C., Davison, R., Zhong, X. and Liang, Y. (2010). Empowering employees through instant messaging.Information Technology People, 23(2), pp.193-211. Pascal, C. (2003). Enabling chance interaction through instant messaging.IEEE Trans. Profess. Commun., 46(2), pp.138-141. Paulson, L. (2002). Malicious code hits instant messaging.Computer, 35(2), pp.26-26. Quan-Haase, A. (2008). Instant Messaging on Campus: Use and Integration in University Students' Everyday Communication.The Information Society, 24(2), pp.105-115. Stafford, T. (2008). Introduction to the Special Issue on Instant Messaging in the Workplace.IEEE Trans. Profess. Commun., 51(4), pp.350-351. Stephens, K. (2008). Optimizing Costs in Workplace Instant Messaging Use.IEEE Trans. Profess. Commun., 51(4), pp.369-380. Stone, J. and Merrion, S. (2004). Instant Messaging or Instant Headache?.Queue, 2(2), p.72. Uskov, V. and Uskov, A. (2004). Blending Streaming Multimedia and Communication Technology in Advanced Web-based Education. 1(1).

Digging Essays - Seamus Heaney, Death Of A Naturalist,

Digging The poem ?Digging,? is a free verse poem written by Seamus Heaney. It is the first poem in a collection of poems written by Heaney called the ?Death of a Naturalist,? first published in 1966. Heaney was born in 1939 and raised in Northern Ireland in a rural farming community. He was one of nine children and the son of a farmer. In his poem ?Digging,? Heaney is perhaps reflecting on his childhood as the son of a farmer and his admiration for his father and grandfather?s hard work. Through the use metaphor, symbolism and alliteration, Heaney illustrates and connects his childhood memories and roots of his family and culture with the importance and value of hard work. These memories and values are translated through his recollection of his father and grandfather?s hard work in potato farming into his own life?s work of writing. A metaphor is a comparison where a word or words are used to create an impression between two things which are similar. In the beginning of ?Digging,? the poet sees his father and grandfather digging. He has a sense of great pride in his father and grandfather?s hard work as they work the ground to plant potatoes. As he watches them work, he eventually realizes ?he has no spade to follow men like them? (line 29). He comes to realize that his work will not be in agriculture or farming like his father and grandfather, but that his ?digging? or work, metaphorically, will be with using a pen as a spade. Hence, writing is his work with his pen as his tool like farming was his father?s work and his tool was a spade. Furthermore, there is also an extended metaphorical relationship between his father?s digging with a spade and his work as a writer with a pen. This extended metaphor of his father is seen by the poet with his father digging in his garden and then twenty years earlier, digg ing potatoes, which is representative of the poet going back in time and recalling, as in ?digging? in one?s memories of the past. As the poet recalls his past, Heaney uses many symbols to convey a number of meanings. In the opening of ?Digging,? he compares his pen to a gun (line 2). The symbolic meaning of this is perhaps the idea that the pen is a mighty weapon or powerful tool capable of great work like his father?s and grandfather?s work with a spade (line 15, 17). His father?s work with a spade was powered by physical strength and the poet?s work, although not physically demanding, is powered by great mental work and equally admirable. Additionally, the earth, referring to the fertile soil, is used in several ways symbolically with the words ground, turf and roots to represent what the poet is tied to or rooted and grounded in, in relation to his father and grandfather?s way of life (line 4, 24, 27). Heaney conveys a sense of ?grounding? or close bonding, stability and respect with and for his father and grandfather as potato farmers. He and his family have their ?roots? in farming and the earth or fert ile soil, the very turf or ground which they till through their hard work, provide them with food which is essential to their survival. This food which is the potato, is symbolic of their hard work and is the reward for their labor (line 15). All these are symbols of the poet?s connection to his family, his origins or beginnings and the ?roots? of his family in farming. Finally, alliteration is the use of words with the same syllable and sound to accentuate or highlight a specific point. Heaney uses alliteration very effectively a number of times throughout the poem ?Digging.? ?Spade sinks into gravelly ground;? ?tall tops;? ?buried the bright;? ?squelch and slap of soggy;? and ?curt cuts? are all examples of Heaney?s use of alliteration to emphasize the hard work and energy required by his father and grandfather when tilling the ground which produced the ?fruits of their labor? (line 4, 12, 26, 27). The reader has a strong sense of what it is like to be in a field digging in the soil,

The Florida Expeditions of Ponce de Leon

The Florida Expeditions of Ponce de Leon Juan Ponce de Leà ³n was a Spanish conquistador and explorer, best remembered for settling the island of Puerto Rico and for directing the first major explorations of Florida. He made two trips to Florida: one in 1513 and the second in 1521. It was on this latter expedition that he was wounded by natives and died shortly thereafter. He is associated with the legend of the Fountain of Youth, although it is likely that he was not actively looking for it. Juan Ponce de Leà ³n Ponce was born in Spain around 1474 and arrived in the New World no later than 1502. He proved to be industrious and tough and soon earned the favor of King Ferdinand himself. He was originally a conquistador and assisted in the wars against the natives of Hispaniola in 1504. Later, he was given good land and proved to be an able farmer and rancher. Puerto Rico Ponce de Leon was given permission to explore and settle the island of San Juan Bautista, today known as Puerto Rico. He established a settlement and soon earned the respect of the settlers. He even had decent relations with the islands native population. Around 1512, however, he lost the island to Diego Columbus (son of Christopher) due to a legal ruling back in Spain. Ponce heard rumors of a rich land to the northwest: the natives said the land, Bimini, had much gold and wealth. Ponce, who still had many influential friends, secured permission to colonize any lands he found to the northwest of Puerto Rico. First Florida Voyage On March 13, 1513, Ponce set sail from Puerto Rico in search of Bimini. He had three ships and about 65 men. Sailing northwest, on April 2nd they spotted what they took for a large island: Ponce named it Florida because it was Easter season, referred to as Pascua Florida in Spanish. The sailors landed on Florida on April 3rd: the exact place is unknown but was likely to the north of present-day Daytona Beach. They sailed up the eastern coast of Florida before doubling back and exploring some of the western side. They saw a good deal of Floridas coast, including the Saint Lucie Inlet, Key Biscayne, Charlotte Harbor, Pine Island, and Miami Beach. They also discovered the Gulf Stream. Ponce de Leon in Spain After the first voyage, Ponce went to Spain to be sure, this time, that he and he alone had royal permission to explore and colonize Florida. He met with King Ferdinand himself, who not only confirmed Ponce’s rights in regards to Florida but also knighted him and gave him a coat of arms: Ponce was the first conquistador so honored. Ponce returned to the New World in 1516, but no sooner had he arrived than word of Ferdinand’s death reached him. Ponce returned to Spain once again to make sure his rights were in order: regent Cardinal Cisneros assured him that they were. Meanwhile, several men made unauthorized visits to Florida, mostly to take slaves or look for gold. Second Florida Voyage In early 1521, he rounded up men, supplies, and ships and prepared for a journey of exploration and colonization. He finally set sail on February 20, 1521. This journey was a complete disaster. Ponce and his men selected a site to settle somewhere in western Florida: the exact place is unknown and subject to much debate. They were not there long before they were attacked by furious natives (likely victims of slaving raids). The Spanish were driven back into the sea. Ponce himself was wounded by a poisoned arrow. The colonization effort was abandoned and Ponce was taken to Cuba where he died sometime in July of 1521. Many of Ponces men sailed down to the Gulf of Mexico, where they joined Hernan Cortes expedition of conquest against the Aztec Empire. His Legacy Ponce de Leà ³n was a trailblazer who opened the southeastern US to exploration by the Spanish. His well-publicized Florida voyages would eventually lead to a number of expeditions there, including the disastrous 1528 trip led by the unlucky Pnfilo de Narvaez. He is still remembered in Florida, where some things (including a small town) are named for him. Schoolchildren are taught of his early visits to Florida. Ponce de Leà ³ns Florida trips are probably better remembered because of the legend that he was seeking the Fountain of Youth. He probably wasnt: the very practical Ponce de Leon was looking more for a place to settle than any mythological fountains. Nevertheless, the legend has stuck, and Ponce and Florida will forever be associated with the Fountain of Youth. Source Fuson, Robert H. Juan Ponce de Leon and the Spanish Discovery of Puerto Rico and Florida. Blacksburg: McDonald and Woodward, 2000.

Arts and Human Spirit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Arts and Human Spirit - Essay Example This essay contains many refernces to aboriginal Australian arts, it's connections with the human soul, dreams, the Dreaming world, that was the old time of the Ancestor Beings and everyday lifestyle. The colonization and the new multicultural policy of Australia, named in this essay affected the art and the culture of the aboriginals very much. This policy had a long history of discrimination, so that Aboriginal people were forced by the legal system to claim rights in order to be allowed to exercise their responsibilities. As stated in the essay, that policy affected their art and their culture and only through the indigenous art they could describe their culture from generation to generation. In this essay such interesting important parts were described and researched: the art and culture of the aboriginals: the background; the relation between the aboriginal art and culture of the Australians; the impact of European colonization; dreaming, that was the beginning of knowledge: how it relates arts and human spirit. This essay also demonstrates in details that many contemporary Indigenous artists make artworks which comment on the impact of European colonization and also the loss of country that has been so central to their 'being' and 'belonging'. In conclusion, the most important understanding of art is that the loss of culture is linked to loss of country and displacement from tribal lands of Australian aborigines, caused the aboriginal art to prosper and improve it's storytelling manner.

Community Policing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Community Policing - Research Paper Example Within the broad field of public administration, there is a need for administrators to understand how to better function in the public sector. Where service-oriented work is the watchword, and no visible product is offered as a measure of successful productivity, it becomes incumbent upon the administrator to make a concerted effort to evaluate service and citizen impact on that service. This seems to be a good fit with the reinventing government concept of the 1990s where there was a greater emphasis on customer service by public administrators to treat the customer right (Bach, 2009). In the field of law enforcement, it is imperative that successful administrators make every effort to foster a cooperative liaison with the (customer) citizenry. Citizen cooperation will nourish the police-community alliance. Needs can be identified, and efforts to meet those needs can be addressed by citizens and police administrators alike. This attitude of cooperative appraisal of needs fits well i nto the model of community policing (Tilley, 2010). Community Policing Police roles that grew out of the reform era (patrol services, rapid response to calls, etc.) may sometimes lead to roadblocks. These more traditional police practices sometimes encounter a public paradox (Radelet & Carter, 1994). The paradox states that crime control functions collide with due process ideals, in that citizens recognize the need for a social contract (a need for police) that occasionally can run counter to the basic freedom that they seek. So, this conflict (or paradox) between the need for police and the desire for the protection of due process can remain between police and the public (Radelet & Carter, 1994). The winds of change are moving through the hallways of many police organizations in America. For some, these winds are like a summer breeze that opens the door to new possibilities. For others, they signal the onset of a cold, uncertain winter. Regardless of how one experiences it, somethi ng is happening, and this "something" is an attempt to rethink and restructure the role of police in society (Rosenbaum in Bordeur, 1998 p.1). Inability of existing police infrastructures to cope with greater than ever complexities of our fast changing society and increasing demands on police by their rapidly growing constituencies forces police organizations to look for new ways to serve their communities (Tilley, 2010). Increased bureaucratization and over- specialization of police forces and separation from the community amplifies the need for implementing a community-driven police force. Police organizations face increased costs and pressure from the community and interest groups to do more with fewer resources. As a consequence, police administrators are forced to cut some services in order to address priority needs (Tilley, 2010). Reduction and elimination of police services due to budget cuts and increasing operational costs creates community discontent. A new cost efficient approach to prevent and deal with crime is needed in order to cover eliminated services. Community Oriented policing is recognized as a viable solution to reducing crime and efficiently solving community problems (Chacko & Nancoo, 1993). Murphy labels proactive policing as the dominant ideology and organization mode of progressive policing (Murphy, in Chacko & Nancoo, 1993, p. 1). Community policing philosophy and research suggests traditional bureaucratic, crime-attack policing has failed. The police have lost their community context and this loss inhibits the police in their order maintenance and crime control functions (Tilley, 2010). Critics of traditional policing argue, police are mystifying their role and manipulating public expectation. Reactive policing "promotes poor policing management, leading to the issuance of more traffic tickets, the growth of an unofficial quota system, and 'fudging' of crime statistics" (Thibault, Lynch, & McBride 1985, p. 50).

Compare and contrast Jade Snow Wong and Richard Rodriguez as learners Essay

Compare and contrast Jade Snow Wong and Richard Rodriguez as learners and users of two languages(chinese vs spanish) - Essay Example There are different ways that Jade Snow Wong and Richard Rodriguez have learned different languages (Chinese and Spanish) in shaping their relationships and world view. This is manifested in their books Fifth Chinese Daughter by Jade Snow Wong and Hunger of Memory-Aria by Richard Rodriguez (Gudykunst). It is essential to observe that both writers grew up in foreign lands from their original nations. For example, Richard Rodriquez narrates his experiences in Sacramento, California, in family that only spoke Spanish. During this period of growing up, the young Rodriguez experiences several setbacks caused by language because he had a Mexican history that is different from that of his new place (Gudykunst 66). The author notes that he attends a Catholic school in Sacramento that speaks only English thus causing a language barrier for his young life. In other words, the writer implies that he got inculcated into a culture that was different from one he had witnessed in his childhood. On the other hand, Jade Snow Wong speaking in the third person aspect in her book The Fifth Chinese Daughter observes that she came from a conservative family in San Francisco. The author notes that their first generation family was poor with a lot of discrimination upon girls being a part of the culture. In that aspect, there are tales of domination of the female by the male in the family of Jade Snow Wong that is an indication of stigma against in society. Therefore, the author observes that because of such prejudices against, it was hard for girls such as her to acquire education (Gudykunst 69). This means there was no means of learning a language of overcoming the culture barrier. However, the author narrates her resilience to overcome insurmountable odds of by proving her abilities and talents in various fields. The above two authors are similar in the aspect of growing up under a foreign language that did not resemble that of their childhoods. Similarly, both of them made determi nations of learning the new languages by overcoming the barriers of family and culture shock as noted in their respective books. However, there differences in terms of gender and the superseding advantages that followed for the writers. For instance, while Richard Rodriguez found it a little easy in Sacramento, California during his learning period, that was not the case for Jade Snow. She laments that her family treated females as inferior hence there no need to challenge authority if you were a girl. In other words, the writer attempts to highlight the challenges of learning a new language under the yoke of a conservative culture that treats women with contempt. Therefore, while Rodriguez only faces the challenge of distorted childhood in a new place, Jade Snow grapples with gender inequality that is ingrained their first family that started living in San Francisco before the eruption of World War Two. Alternatively, there is the issue of the cultural divide that is prevalent in t he lives of the two authors in terms of forcing their varying cultural inclinations to those of other nations (Gudykunst 74). Another interesting distinctive feature concerning how the authors learned their two languages and their growth in English entails the sound of the foreign language. For example, according Rodriguez in Hunger of Memory-Aria, the author concurs that the application of varying languages in terms of sounds is paramount in shaping